Nowadays hydrogen, especially if derived from biomass or produced by renewable power, is rising as a key energy solution to shift the mobility of the future toward a low-emission scenario. It is well known that hydrogen can be used with both internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells (FCs); however, hydrogen-fuelled ICE represents a robust and cost-efficient option to be quickly implemented under the current production infrastructure. In this framework, this article focuses on the conversion of a state-of-the-art 3.0L diesel engine in a hydrogen-fuelled Spark Ignition (SI) one. To preliminarily evaluate the potential of the converted ICE, a proper simulation methodology was defined combining zero-, one-, and three-dimensional (0D/1D/3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches. First of all, a detailed kinetic scheme was selected for both hydrogen combustion and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission predictions in a 3D-CFD environment. Afterward, to bring the analysis to a system-level approach, a 1D-CFD predictive combustion model was firstly optimized by implementing a specific laminar flame speed correlation and, secondly, calibrated against the 3D-CFD combustion results. The combustion model was then integrated into a complete engine model to assess the potential benefit derived from the wide range of flammability and the high flame speed of hydrogen on a complete engine map, considering NOx formation and knock avoidance as priority parameters to control. Without a specific modification of turbocharger and combustion systems, a power density of 34 kW/L and a maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of about 42% were achieved, thus paving the way for further hardware optimization (e.g., compression ratio reduction, turbocharger optimization, direct injection [DI]) to fully exploit the advantages enabled by hydrogen combustion.

Synergetic Application of Zero-, One-, and Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Approaches for Hydrogen-Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine Simulation / Millo, Federico; Piano, Andrea; Rolando, Luciano; Accurso, Francesco; Gullino, Fabrizio; Roggio, Salvatore; Bianco, Andrea; Pesce, Francesco; Vassallo, Alberto; Rossi, Riccardo. - In: SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINES. - ISSN 1946-3944. - ELETTRONICO. - 15:4(2022). [10.4271/03-15-04-0030]

Synergetic Application of Zero-, One-, and Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Approaches for Hydrogen-Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine Simulation

Millo, Federico;Piano, Andrea;Rolando, Luciano;Accurso, Francesco;Gullino, Fabrizio;Roggio, Salvatore;
2022

Abstract

Nowadays hydrogen, especially if derived from biomass or produced by renewable power, is rising as a key energy solution to shift the mobility of the future toward a low-emission scenario. It is well known that hydrogen can be used with both internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells (FCs); however, hydrogen-fuelled ICE represents a robust and cost-efficient option to be quickly implemented under the current production infrastructure. In this framework, this article focuses on the conversion of a state-of-the-art 3.0L diesel engine in a hydrogen-fuelled Spark Ignition (SI) one. To preliminarily evaluate the potential of the converted ICE, a proper simulation methodology was defined combining zero-, one-, and three-dimensional (0D/1D/3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches. First of all, a detailed kinetic scheme was selected for both hydrogen combustion and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission predictions in a 3D-CFD environment. Afterward, to bring the analysis to a system-level approach, a 1D-CFD predictive combustion model was firstly optimized by implementing a specific laminar flame speed correlation and, secondly, calibrated against the 3D-CFD combustion results. The combustion model was then integrated into a complete engine model to assess the potential benefit derived from the wide range of flammability and the high flame speed of hydrogen on a complete engine map, considering NOx formation and knock avoidance as priority parameters to control. Without a specific modification of turbocharger and combustion systems, a power density of 34 kW/L and a maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of about 42% were achieved, thus paving the way for further hardware optimization (e.g., compression ratio reduction, turbocharger optimization, direct injection [DI]) to fully exploit the advantages enabled by hydrogen combustion.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2951818