Archivio Istituzionale della RicercaThe new Inner Tracking System (ITS2) of the ALICE experiment began operation in 2021 with the start of LHC Run 3. Compared to its predecessor, ITS2 offers substantial improvements in pointing resolution, tracking efficiency at low transverse momenta, and readout-rate capabilities. The detector employs silicon Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) featuring a pixel size of 26.88 × 29.24 um2 and an intrinsic spatial resolution of approximately 5 um. With a remarkably low material budget of 0.36% of radiation length (X0) per layer in the three innermost layers and a total sensitive area of about 10 m2, the ITS2 constitutes the largest-scale application of MAPS technology in a high-energy physics experiment and the first of its kind operated at the LHC. For stable data taking, it is crucial to calibrate different parameters of the detector, such as in-pixel charge thresholds and the masking of noisy pixels. The calibration of 24,120 monolithic sensors, comprising a total of 12.6 x 109 pixels, represents a major operational challenge. This paper presents the methods developed for the calibration of the ITS2 and outlines the strategies for monitoring and dynamically adjusting the detector's key performance parameters over time.
Sensor operating point calibration and monitoring of the ALICE Inner Tracking System during LHC Run 3 / Its Collaboration, Alice; Agguiaro, D.; Aglieri Rinella, G.; Aglietta, L.; Agnello, M.; Agnese, F.; Alessandro, B.; Alfarone, G.; Alme, J.; Anderssen, E.; Andreou, D.; Angeletti, M.; Apadula, N.; Atkinson, P.; Azzan, C.; Baccomi, R.; Badalà, A.; Balbino, A.; Barberis27, P.; Barile, F.; Barioglio, L.; Barthel, R.; Baruffaldi, F.; Behera, N. K.; Belikov, I.; Benato, A.; Benettoni, M.; Benotto11, F.; Beole, S.; Bez, N.; Bhatti, A.; Bhopal, M.; Bigot, A. P.; Boca, G.; Bonomi, G.; Borotto Dalla Vecchia, M. Bonora F.; Borri, M.; Borshchov, V.; Botta, E.; Boynton, L.; Brower, G.; Bruna, E.; Brunasso Cattarello, O.; Bruno, G. E.; Buckland, M. D.; Bufalino, S.; Camerini, P.; Cariola, P.; Ceballos Sanchez, C.; Cho, J.; Cho, S.; Choi, K.; Choi, Y.; Clague, N. J.; Clausse, O. A.; Colamaria, F.; Colella, D.; Coli, S.; Collu, A.; Concas, M.; Contin, G.; Corrales Morales, Y.; Costanza, S.; Dainton, J. B.; Danè, E.; Degraw, W.; De Mar- tin, C.; Deng, W.; De Robertis, G.; Dhankher, P.; Di Mauro, A.; Dumitrache, F.; Elia, D.; Ersdal, M. R.; Eum, J.; Fantoni, A.; Fe- ofilov, G.; Ferencei, J.; Fichera23, F.; Fiorenza, G.; Flores, A. N.; Franco, A.; Franco, M.; Fransen, J. P.; Gajanana, D.; Galdames Perez, A.; Gao, C.; Gargiulo, C.; Garizzo, L.; Giubilato, P.; Goffe, M.; Grant, A.; Grecka, E.; Greiner, L.; Grelli, A.; Grimaldi, A.; Groettvik, O. S.; Grosa, F.; Guo Hu, C.; Hannigan, R. P.; Hel- strup20, H.; Hill8, A.; Hillemanns, H.; Hindley, P.; Huang, G.; Iannone, M.; Iddon, J. P.; Ijzermans, P.; Imhoff, M. A.; Isakov, A.; Jeong, J.; Johnson, T.; Junique, A.; Kaewjai, J.; Keil, M.; Khabanova, Z.; Khan, H.; Kim, H.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, T.; Klein, J.; Kobdaj, C.; Kotliarov, A.; Kraan, M. J.; Králik, I.; Krizek, F.; Kugathasan, T.; Kuhn, C.; Kuijer, P. G.; Kushpil, S.; Kweon, M. J.; Kwon, M.; Kwon, Y.; La Rocca, P.; Lacalamita, N.; Larionov18, P.; Ledey, G.; Lee, S.; Lee, T.; Lemmon, R. C.; Lesenechal, Y.; Lesser6, E. D.; Liang-Gilman6, B. E.; Librizzi, F.; Lim, B.; Lim, S.; Lindsay, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Loddo, F.; Lupi, M.; Mager, M.; Maire42, A.; Mandaglio, G.; Manzari, V.; Markert, C.; Markey, G.; Marras, D.; Martinengo, P.; Martiradonna, S.; Masera, M.; Mas- troserio, A.; Mazza, G.; Mazzaro, D.; Mazzaschi, F.; Mazzilli, M.; Mcalpine, L.; Mongelli, M.; Morant, J.; Morel, F.; Morrall, P.; Muccifora, V.; Mulliri, A.; Musa, L.; Nambrath6, A. I.; Obergger, M.; Orlandi, A.; Palasciano, A.; Panero, R.; Paoletti, E.; Pap- palardo, G. S.; Parasole, O.; Park, J.; Passamonti, L.; Pastore, C.; Patra, R. N.; Pellegrino, F.; Pepato, A.; Petta, C.; Piano, S.; Pierluigi, D.; Pisano, S.; Pĺoskoń, M.; Poblocki, M. T.; Politano, S.; Prakasa, E.; Prino, F.; Protsenko, M.; Puccio, M.; Puggioni, C.; Rachevski, A.; Ramello, L.; Rasa, M.; Ravasenga, I.; Rehman, A. U.; Reidt, F.; Richter, M.; Riggi, F.; Rizzi, M.; Røed, K.; Röhrich, D.; Ronchetti, F.; Rossewij, M. J.; Rossi, A.; Russo, A.; Di Ruzza, B.; Saccà, G.; Sacchetti, M.; Sadikin, R.; Sanchez Gonzalez, A.; Savino, U.; Schambach, J.; Schlepper, F.; Schotter, R.; Secouet, P. J.; Selina, M.; Senyukov, S.; Seo, J. J.; Shahoyan, R.; Shaukat, S.; Shirokopetlev, F.; Sielewicz, K.; Simantovic34, G.; Sitta, M.; Snellings, R. J. M.; Snoeys, W.; Song, J.; Sonn- eveld34, J. M.; Spijkers, R.; Sturniolo, A.; Stylianidis, C. P.; Šuljić, M.; Sun, D.; Sun, X.; Syed, R. A.; Szczepankiewicz, A.; Terrevoli, C.; Toppi, M.; Trifiró, A.; Triolo, A. S.; Trogolo, S.; Trubnikov, V.; Turcato, M.; Turrisi, R.; Tveter, T.; Tymchuk, I.; Usai, G. L.; Valentino, V.; Valle, N.; Van Beelen, J. B.; Van Hoorne, J. W.; Vanat, T.; Varga-Kofarago, M.; Velure, A.; Venier, G.; Veronese, F.; Villani, A.; Viticchie, A.; Wabnitz, C.; Wang, Y.; Yang, P.; Yeats, E. R.; Yoo, I. -K.; Yoon, J. H.; Yuan, S.; Zaccolo, V.; Zampieri, A.; Zampolli, C.; Zhang, E.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zherebchevskii, V.; Zurlo, N.. - In: NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT. - ISSN 0168-9002. - 1086:(2026). [10.1016/j.nima.2026.171354]
Sensor operating point calibration and monitoring of the ALICE Inner Tracking System during LHC Run 3
M. Angeletti;A. Balbino;F. Barile;F. Baruffaldi;A. Bhatti;G. Bonomi;S. Bufalino;M. Concas;C. Gao;F. Grosa;H. Khan;M. Kim;F. Loddo;M. Lupi;S. Martiradonna;M. Mongelli;L. Musa;A. Orlandi;R. Panero;C. Pastore;C. Petta;S. Piano;S. Pisano;L. Ramello;I. Ravasenga;M. Sacchetti;U. Savino;M. Sitta;X. Sun;V. Valentino;F. Veronese;S. Yuan;N. Zurlo
2026
Abstract
The new Inner Tracking System (ITS2) of the ALICE experiment began operation in 2021 with the start of LHC Run 3. Compared to its predecessor, ITS2 offers substantial improvements in pointing resolution, tracking efficiency at low transverse momenta, and readout-rate capabilities. The detector employs silicon Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) featuring a pixel size of 26.88 × 29.24 um2 and an intrinsic spatial resolution of approximately 5 um. With a remarkably low material budget of 0.36% of radiation length (X0) per layer in the three innermost layers and a total sensitive area of about 10 m2, the ITS2 constitutes the largest-scale application of MAPS technology in a high-energy physics experiment and the first of its kind operated at the LHC. For stable data taking, it is crucial to calibrate different parameters of the detector, such as in-pixel charge thresholds and the masking of noisy pixels. The calibration of 24,120 monolithic sensors, comprising a total of 12.6 x 109 pixels, represents a major operational challenge. This paper presents the methods developed for the calibration of the ITS2 and outlines the strategies for monitoring and dynamically adjusting the detector's key performance parameters over time.
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https://hdl.handle.net/11583/3011551
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