Laser-Based Active Debris Removal: A Satellite Constellation Approach for Mitigating Small-Sized Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit

The growing issue of space debris poses a critical challenge as Earth’s orbits become increasingly con- gested due to expanding space activities. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is particularly affected, with an estimated 900 000 debris fragments ranging from 1 to 10 cm in size. These objects are large enough to penetrate space- craft shielding yet too small to be effectively tracked, creating a severe and unpredictable collision risk. Existing mitigation strategies, such as end-of-life de-orbiting and graveyard orbit transfers, have proven insufficient in preventing debris accumulation. Consequently, Active Debris Removal (ADR) has emerged as a key research focus. Among proposed ADR techniques, laser ablation presents a promising solution, enabling remote, contactless trajectory alteration. This research investigates the feasibility of a laser-based ADR mission utilizing a constellation of satellites dedicated to debris detection and removal. Each satellite is designed with an advanced payload capable of autonomously identifying debris, assessing its trajectory, and engaging targets using a high-power pulsed laser system. The laser operates in the nanosecond pulse regime, with beam propagation characteristics analyzed for an effective operational range of approximately 100 km. A detailed study of laser-material interactions is conducted using a surface energy balance ap- proach, complemented by a 3D heat conduction model that simulates the thermal response of debris under realistic conditions. This allows for the evaluation of the ablation area, the forces exerted on the debris surface, and the efficiency of the laser-induced momentum transfer. Based on the outcomes of this study, a dedicated satellite constellation is proposed, operating within an altitude range of 250 to 1 000 km and an inclination range of 60 to 105 degrees. The final architecture consists of approximately 20 satellites strategically positioned to maximize debris removal efficiency. Simulation results indicate that this system could successfully remove around 25% of small-sized debris within a 25-year timeframe, aligning with the guidelines set by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC).