An Integrated MCA–GIS Framework for Ground Mounted Solar Photovoltaic (GMPV) Site Selection: Methodological Proposal for the Italian Context

The increasing demand for renewable energy has led to a growing interest in ground-mounted photovoltaic (GMPV) installations. However, the selection of suitable locations for these installations requires a multi-dimensional evaluation that integrates regulatory, environmental, and technical constraints. This study addresses the challenge of locating suitable land for GMPV systems in Italy. We develop a spatial decision support model that integrates Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to incorporate multiple factors, including regulatory requirements, hydrogeological and geotechnical hazards, land use attributes, solar irradiation potential, proximity to infrastructures, and terrain morphology. Each criterion is assigned a weighted value reflecting its relative significance, and the combined analysis yields a priority index that supports decision-makers in identifying optimal sites for photovoltaic deployment. The methodology aims to reconcile the need for increased renewable energy production with broader environmental, social, and economic objectives, ensuring minimal conflicts with other land uses. By systematically evaluating risks such as flood vulnerability and slope instability, the framework facilitates the avoidance of high-risk zones. Furthermore, by considering variables like irradiation levels, land productivity, and ease of grid connection, it maximizes energy yields while limiting environmental impacts and infrastructural costs. This structured and transparent approach can guide regional authorities, urban planners, and private investors in implementing sustainable energy projects. The stakeholder perspective is integral to building consensus, facilitating more inclusive decision-making, and ensuring long-term acceptance and viability at the local level. This ultimately fosters more collaborative planning, aligning energy goals with societal and environmental demands.