Lunar Wireless power transmission: key subsystems for a constellation of laser energy-transmitting satellites

This study explores the concept of wireless power transmission from lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon. The proposal entails deploying a constellation of satellites orbiting the Moon, tasked with continuous collection of solar energy, which is then transmitted to the lunar surface via electromagnetic waves, notably laser emission. One of the primary challenges facing future lunar bases and all missions involving the Moon is the requirement for significant energy resources to support exploration activities, mining operations, and sustain human life. Traditional solar panel solutions prove inefficient in the unique and challenging lunar environment, prompting the emergence of alternative approaches. This study conducts fundamental sizing analysis of satellites in lunar orbit designed for power transmission towards the lunar surface, with a particular emphasis on some of the essential subsystems. Special attention is placed on the development of the receivers, photonic power converters, strategically positioned at key locations on the lunar surface. These receivers are analysed in this paper in terms of materials, efficiencies and thermal behaviour through some experimental tests. The satellite study includes the pre-design of the payload, a high-power fiber laser maximizing its efficiency in the lunar space environment, and its integration with the receiver for power transmission. Requirements for the design of the laser payload are discussed and the total efficiency of the power transmission system is analyzed. Regarding the satellite, alongside fundamental sizing considerations, the study focuses on the design of an efficient attitude control system capable of providing precise pointing accuracies with the implementation of a Fine Steering Mirror in a secondary phase, facilitating the precise direction of high-power laser beams. Satellite geometries and inertias are defined to ensure accurate control under simulated operating conditions, especially considering disturbances due to solar pressure, given the huge area occupied by the solar panels, and lunar gravity gradient.