Component‑Wise Beam Modelling of Sandwich Panels with Arbitrary Core Topologies

This paper presents a Component-Wise (CW) 1D beam formulation within the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) [1] to model and simulate the mechanical behaviour of sandwich panels. The approach treats skins and cellular cores as distinct sub-domains in a single one-dimensional element. By representing the true cross-sectional geometry with high-order Lagrange polynomials, the model achieves high three-dimensional accuracy [2], including the capture of localized deformations and through-thickness stresses, while significantly reducing the degrees of freedom (DoFs) with respect to 3D FEM simulations. This paper provides evidence that this single refined 1D beam is easy to model, numerically efficient and mechanically accurate for any sandwich/metamaterial cores, from classic honeycomb to novel butterfly lattices, thereby enabling parametric studies and precise failure-onset assessment.