On the complementarity of wind, wave and solar energy in North Tyrrhenian Sea

Achieving a fully renewable energy future can potentially benefit from the integration of offshore energy sources (whenever available), such as wave, wind and solar energy, into the current energy mix. These resources offer significant potential to enhance the reliability of renewable energy systems by complementing each across various temporal scales. The inclusion of offshore resources in the current energy portfolio may improve power output stability, reduce periods of energy generation shortfall, and lessen the dependency on energy storage solutions. This study employs innovative complementarity metrics—including total variation, variance, and standard deviation—to evaluate the interactions among wind, wave and solar resources in North Tyrrhenian Sea. Temporal complementarity analysis in the North Tyrrhenian Sea reveals significant differences when considering only two resources or multiple resources and when considering different resource pairings.