A value-driven approach to printed circuit board inspection: Strategic use of inspection technologies to reduce waste

Electronic waste is an escalating global challenge that requires innovative and sustainable strategies to mitigate its environmental impact. This paper presents a decision model designed to identify the most effective inspection processes for printed circuit boards (PCBs) to enable their reuse, recycling or remanufacturing. The goal is to maximise the recoverable value of PCBs while minimising waste. By systematically analysing inspection processes, the model provides a structured framework for determining the sequence of measurement technologies that balance cost effectiveness with the potential for value recovery. This methodology improves resource efficiency and minimises environmental impact, in addition to supporting the principles of a circular economy. Through an illustrative case study, the approach shows how targeted inspections can significantly extend the life of electronic boards, improve economic value recovery and promote environmentally friendly manufacturing practices.