Unlocking the power of Italy's bioeconomy: A comparative analysis of immediate vs. deferred impact on energy generation through straw valorisation

This study investigates the value and impacts of utilising cereal residual biomass according to bioeconomy principles within the Italian context. Cereals are relevant in Italy, accounting for over 60 % of total crop residue production. These residues exhibit uniform energy content, enabling different applications. This study uniquely compares three scenarios for converting straw residues into bioenergy via combustion, slow pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion, considering residues availability and environmental impacts assessed through attributional Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040-44) using 1 GJ of energy obtained as a functional unit. Each investigated scenario is based exclusively on using cereal residual biomasses without adding other residual biomasses and includes both the production of bioenergy and the contribution to carbon stocks, considering the residues left in the field and the potential return of biochar. Among the scenarios, slow pyrolysis emerged as the most promising, with biochar offering additional yet unquantified benefits for carbon-smart management, climate change mitigation, and economic sustain- ability. The potential benefits of pyrolysis and biochar underscore the positive outcomes of the study, which are instrumental in guiding the development of regulatory frameworks supporting policymakers in making sustainable decisions. By providing a detailed comparison of environmental impacts, this research integrates effective cereal residue management practices into policy and regulatory measures, highlighting promising solutions and directing further research toward maximising environmental and climate benefits through optimised and targeted approaches.