Trending applications of Phase Change Materials in sustainable thermal engineering: An up-to-date review

The on-going search for increasingly sustainable and efficient thermal energy management across a wide range of sectors leads to continuous exploration of innovative solutions. In this context, phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as key solutions for thermal energy storage and reuse, offering versatility in addressing contemporary energy challenges. Through this review, we offer a comprehensive critical analysis of the latest developments in PCMs-based technology and their emerging applications within energy systems. First, the conducted investigation highlights the most important drivers stimulating the use of PCMs, namely, the miniaturization of electronic devices, the fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources, and the urge to design smart buildings and textiles. Here, we therefore discuss the integration of PCMs into electronic systems characterized by high heat fluxes, lithium-ion batteries, solar energy systems (including photovoltaic, desalination systems), building materials and textiles to offer wearable solutions for enhanced thermal comfort. Outlining around 100 various cases, PCMs emerge as particularly suitable to ensure optimal operating temperature ranges, to extend lifespan of the devices and ultimately to improve overall system energy efficiency. Beyond potential, challenges such as material leakage, long-term durability, and cost-effectiveness are discussed. By focusing on literature post-2022, the proposed review aims to condense the latest numerical and experimental research findings, spotlight emerging trends, and identify challenges to promote broader and long-term adoption of PCM-based systems. By providing a holistic perspective on PCM applications, we emphasize their potential in achieving sustainable and efficient energy management and provide insights to encourage future cross-disciplinary research and innovation.