Integration of Electric Vehicles in Buildings: Optimization Model and Economic Assessment by a Digital Twin Representation

The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles and their integration into smart grids through Vehicle-to-Everything technologies present novel opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency and grid stability. This study explores the potential of leveraging electric vehicles within building energy systems, employing a digital twin model for comprehensive analysis and optimization. By simulating various scenarios, including standard and cloud-impacted photovoltaic production and different energy pricing strategies, the research assesses the operational and eco-nomic impacts of utilizing a V2G-enabled car park. The proposed formulation is cast as mixed-integer linear programming, tested through a digital twin approach, demonstrates improvements in energy management and cost efficiency. The findings suggest that, under certain conditions, the bidirectional energy flow capabilities of electric vehicles can effectively substitute for traditional stationary storage systems, offering a dual benefit of vehicle charging and grid support.