How to obtain a high TRL advancement of Research-Based inventions through Proof-of-Concept programs: a fuzzy-set QCA investigation

Proof-of-Concept programs (PoCs) are technology transfer policy instruments that have been proven effective in advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of Research-Based inventions (RBIs), thus enhancing their future commercialization possibilities. Nevertheless, there is a lack of understanding of which elements characterizing PoCs contribute to the advancement of the TRL of RBIs. These elements are derived from the literature and concern the activities undertaken by the participating teams, the interactions with potential customers and their geographical localization, and the type of technology to be developed during the program. To fill this gap, we employ a fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) methodology on a sample of 98 RBIs participating in seven PoCs run within five major Italian universities between 2016 and 2021. Results show significant differences in PoC processes based on the typology of RBIs. To achieve a high TRL advancement a combination of the elements is required, like a high engagement in activities that aim to technically demonstrate and validate the RBI and the necessity of the interaction with potential customers located within a given distance. Our findings contribute to the PoCs literature and generate implications both for policymakers and decision-makers within universities and other public and private entities interested in PoCs design improvement and for Technology Transfer Offices in supporting PoCs teams in network creation.