eXtended Reality & Artificial Intelligence-Based Surgical Training: A Review of Reviews

Recent technological innovations have profoundly transformed the approach to surgical training, necessitating a substantial paradigm shift by combining traditional approaches with new tools and methods. The use of simulated and interactive environments through eXtended Reality (XR) technologies, in combination with Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, is increasingly becoming a standard in this field. In this paper, a review of reviews exploring the combined use of XR technologies and AI techniques for surgical training has been conducted. The specific objective is to analyze the attention that the scientific community has devoted to this topic, focusing on both specific surgical specialties and general applications. The analysis suggests the need for a systematic and comprehensive update of the literature that examines studies across all surgical domains, includes a discussion of technological and methodological aspects, as well as clinical considerations, and contemplates the use of standardized metrics for study evaluation.