Validation of High-Fidelity Numerical Simulations of Acoustic Liners Under Grazing Flow

High-fidelity numerical simulations with the lattice-Boltzmann method are carried out to characterize the response of an acoustic liner in the presence and in the absence of grazing flow. The liner’s impedance is numerically computed with different methods, i.e. in-situ, mode matching and Prony-like Kumaresan-Tufts, and the results are compared against experimental data, measured in the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) liner test rig, and the Goodrich semiempirical model. The no-flow results show a reasonable agreement with the semiempirical model but some differences with respect to the experimental educed results are present. It is found that, even in the absence of grazing flow, when applying the in-situ method, there are large variations of the local impedance depending on the sampling location on the face sheet. In presence of grazing flow, simulations with acoustic plane wave propagating in the same direction and in the direction opposite to the mean flow are carried out. Results show that, with the current grid resolution, the numerical educed impedance still overestimates the experimental one particularly at low frequencies, while better agreement is obtained with the in-situ numerical estimation, for both cases. The effects of the grazing flow on the local impedance measurements show high influence of near-orifice wake development. A drastic reduction of the effective percentage of open area is observed when there is grazing flow, as a result of the formation of vortices in the orifices of the liner.