Vat 3D printing of GelMA-dopa/MOFs composites wound dressings for precise photodynamic/photothermal therapy

Herein, we report a light-triggered hydrogel dressing fabricated via high-resolution digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing that seamlessly integrates programmable architecture with precisely tailored phototherapeutic functions. Dopamine-modified gelatin methacryloyl serves as the photocurable matrix, while glycerol is introduced to tune curing kinetics and improve optical transparency. Porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are embedded as photoactive fillers to integrate both photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial functions. A facile FeCl3 post-treatment strategy introduces dynamic Fe3+-catechol coordination bonds into the 3D-printed hydrogel network, which remarkably boosts singlet oxygen (1O2) yield by 2.6-fold through a photocatalytic oxygen cycling. The obtained hydrogel dressing achieves 99.99% inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within 15 min of irradiation, along with favorable biocompatibility. In full-thickness wound healing assays, the hydrogel mitigates inflammation and accelerates tissue regeneration, reaching ~89% wound closure within 12 days. Moreover, the glycerol-water binary solvent system endows the hydrogel with excellent anti-freezing and water retention properties, enabling stable operation in both extreme cold and dry-heat environments. This digitally programmable platform enables patient-specific, conformal dressings with environment-adaptive functionality, offering a scalable solution for remote and resource-limited.