A low-cost and non-refractory high-entropy alloy for biomedical applications

The demand for metallic biomaterials that combine mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and affordability motivates the development of high-entropy alloys for orthopedic applications. Here, we report three TiZrNb-based alloys containing low-cost and non-refractory elements. The alloys predominantly exhibit body-centered cubic structures with secondary C14 Laves phase precipitation and dendritic microstructures characterized by chemical segregation. They combine high Vickers microhardness of approximately 420 HV with relatively low elastic modulus of 90–100 GPa. Stable passive films provide effective corrosion protection, while tribocorrosion tests reveal strong resistance to the combined action of wear and corrosion. Preliminary in vitro assays also demonstrate adequate cell adhesion and viability after 24 h. Among the investigated compositions, Ti42Zr22Nb20Fe6Mn6Al4 (atom %) provides the most favorable balance of economic, mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties, highlighting its potential as a metallic biomaterial for future orthopedic applications.