ASSESSING PERCEIVED CULTURAL BENEFITS AND SPATIAL EQUITY IN URBAN PARKS: A Case Study of Turin, Italy

This study examines how visitor-perceived cultural ecosystem services (CESs) are distributed across Turin’s urban parks and potentially reachable from residential locations through the walking network. Review-derived CES signals were linked with residential population to assess accessibility, spatial inequality and reach-performance patterns. Aesthetic value and recreation were the most frequently expressed services. Accessibility was concentrated around the Po-Dora river system and several high-contribution parks, while cultural heritage showed the greatest distributional inequality. Category- and park-level analyses identified different combinations of potential reach and review-based performance, providing candidates for further planning assessment.