Lagrangian analysis of near-continental dispersion: A 20-probe balloon swarm case study from Italy to Croatia

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) is a major source of uncertainty in weather and climate modeling. Centered on Lewis Fry Richardson’s (1926) milestone work on multi-point atmospheric diffusion, the HOUSEFLIES project – developed by the Philofluid Research Group at Politecnico di Torino (DISAT/DET) – introduces an innovative Lagrangian multi-point observation platform. By deploying coordinated clusters of ultralight, partially biodegradable mini radiosondes, the system resolves transport, entrainment and diffusion across atmospheric scales. This setup was also recently applied to mountain meteorology during the July 2025 TEAMx field campaign in the Sterzing valley.