Global stability of the Atlantic overturning circulation: edge state, long transients and boundary crisis under CO2 forcing

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a major ocean current system, could transition to a weak state. Despite severe associated climate impacts, assessing the AMOC’s response under global warming and its proximity to possible critical thresholds remains difficult. To understand future Earth system stability, a global dynamical view is needed beyond the local stability analysis associated with classical early-warning methods. Using an intermediatecomplexity climate model, we explore the stability landscape of the AMOC for different atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We explicitly compute the edge state (or Melancholia state), a chaotic saddle on the basin boundary separating the strong and weak AMOC attractors found in the model. Despite being unstable, the edge state can govern the transient climate for centuries, supporting centennial AMOC oscillations driven by atmosphere–ice–ocean interactions in the North Atlantic. At increased CO2 levels projected for the near future, we reveal a boundary crisis where the current AMOC attractor disappears by colliding with the edge state. Under crisis overshoot, long chaotic transients owing to a ‘ghost state’ lead to ensemble splitting under time-varying forcing. Rooted in dynamical systems theory, our results offer an explanation of large ensemble variance and apparent ‘stochastic bifurcations’ observed in earth system models under intermediate forcing scenarios.