River contracts as method for nature-based solutions implementation: performative planning practices in Turin metropolitan area

This paper explores the transformative potential of river contracts(RCs) to enhance nature-based solutions (NBSs) by fostering colla-borative governance and integrating ecological and social priori-ties. RCs are methods that promote multi-scalar landscape designand stakeholder engagement, addressing governance gaps andaligning top-down policies with bottom-up initiatives. This studyexamines the implementation of RCs in Italy with particular focuson the Sangone and Stura di Lanzo cases, demonstrating their rolein improving resilience and sustainability through shared visionsand action plans. Despite challenges, such as conflicting views andbureaucracy, RCs emerge as a socio-ecological transformativemethod for NBS implementation.