Developing an Italian Library of Reference Buildings for Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM): Lessons Learnt from the URBEM Project

Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) plays a critical role in supporting data-driven strategies for the energy transition of cities. However, its application is often hindered by the lack of harmonized, high-quality input data representing the building stock. This paper presents the methodology and outputs of a national research project to construct an Italian library of reference buildings suitable for UBEM applications described with scorecards. The methodological workflow included six key phases: definition of a national data classification framework, acquisition and integration of heterogeneous data sources, data harmonization, statistical analysis and clustering, archetype formalization, and dissemination. The result is a library of 380 scorecards covering residential, educational, office, commercial, and catering buildings across multiple climate zones and construction periods. Each scorecard is based on empirical data from public databases, field surveys, or technical standards, and includes detailed descriptions of geometry, envelope characteristics, HVAC systems, internal gains, and ventilation. The scorecards are shared openly on the project's website and were built to work with different UBEM platforms. Overall, both the method and the results help bring more consistency to UBEM practice and support better, data-driven urban energy planning.