Comparative Evaluation of Two Dynamic Navigation Systems vs. Freehand Approach and Different Operator Skills in Endodontic Microsurgery: A Cadaver Study

Background/Objectives: The purpose of the study is to determine and compare the accuracy and efficiency of two dynamic navigation systems (DNS)—Navident (ClaroNav, Canada) and X-Guide (Nobel Biocare, Switzerland)—vs. a free-hand (FH) approach in performing endodontic microsurgery (EMS) on human cadavers. Methods: a total of 119 roots of six cadavers were randomly divided into three groups (Navident/X-Guide/FH). The cadavers’ jaws were scanned pre-operatively with computed tomography. The DICOM data were uploaded and digitally managed with software interfaces for registration, calibration, and virtual planning of EMS. Osteotomy was performed under DNS control and using a dental operating microscope (FH control group). Post-operative scans were taken with same settings as preoperative. Accuracy was then determined by comparing pre- and post-scans of coronal and apical linear, angular deviation, angle, length, and depth of apical resection. Efficiency was determined by measuring the procedural time of osteotomy, apicectomy, retro-cavity preparation, the volume of substance, and cortical bone loss, as well as iatrogenic complications. Outcomes were also evaluated in relation to different operators’ skill levels. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were conducted using R software (4.2.1). Results: DNS demonstrated better efficiency in osteotomy and apicectomy, second only to FH in substance and cortical bone loss. Both DNS approaches had similar accuracy. Experts were faster and more accurate than non-experts in FH, apart from resection angle, length and depth, and retro-cavity preparation time, for which comparison was not statistically significant. The Navident and X-guide groups had similar trends in increasing efficiency and accuracy of EMS. All complications in the FH group were performed by non-experts. The X-guide group demonstrated fewer complications than the Navident group. Conclusions: Both DNS appear beneficial for EMS in terms of accuracy and efficacy in comparison with FH, also demonstrating the decreasing gap of skill expertise between experts and novice operators. Through convenient use X-guide diminishes the level of iatrogenic complications compared to Navident