From production to pollution: a review of microfiber release mechanisms and mitigation strategies in the textile industry

Microfiber pollution, a subset of microplastics, has arisen as a serious environmental and health issue, driven by the widespread use of textiles and the worldwide extent of microplastic contamination. Microfibers, which come from primary sources such as textile manufacturing and secondary processes such as garment fragmentation, are ubiquitous contaminants with far-reaching environmental and human health consequences. This review examines the origins, pathways and impacts of microfiber pollution, with a focus on the textile industry’s role and potential solutions. Bibliometric analysis reveals a sustained research interest in microfiber-related challenges and solutions, with publications peaking in 2022. Advancements in textile manufacturing methods, the use of biodegradable fibers, the integration of filtration systems in washing machines, advanced wastewater treatment technologies and the implementation of legislative frameworks such as the European Union (EU) Green Deal are all important strategies for addressing microfiber pollution. Collaboration among industry, governments, R&D institutions and consumers is critical to reducing microfiber release and promoting sustainable practices.