The x-minute city and car dependence: a literature review

The x-minute city promotes active mobility by enhancing proximity to essential services and amenities. While primarily an urban planning model rather than a transport plan, achieving its mobility goals requires explicitly addressing car accessibility. This review of academic and grey literature reveals a prevailing focus on behaviour-promoting measures, while demand-management ones remain often overlooked. Moreover, broad time thresholds frequently ignore actual walking preferences and destination attractiveness. This paper argues that achieving the model’s mobility goals requires context-sensitive integration of combined measures, aligning with local sociocultural conditions to promote just and sustainable transport behaviour.