Toward a circular economy in Italian agri-food: upstream partners in insect biorefineries

The insect biorefinery (IB) is central to recycling nutrients from food losses and waste (FLW) in an emerging circular bioeconomy approach. The sustainable leadership of the European insect industry and its integration into the bioeconomy depend on implementing symbiotic production models through site selection and partnerships. Only 8 studies, including 3 in the EU, have examined stakeholder acceptance. This pilot study is the first to focus on potential upstream symbiosis partners (USPs) in the EU, examining the factors that influence the willingness of potential USPs in suitable Italian locations to adopt IB. Preliminary analyses identified a final sample of 31 respondents who completed an online-survey divided into four sections. After data elaboration, a principal component analysis was conducted, considering 27 questions and their correlations with the first two principal components. The analysis revealed that the presence of internal research and development within the company, along with the company’s role in the supply chain and the seasonality of production, had a minor influence on explaining the variance of the data. Interestingly, company size was negatively correlated with the willingness to become part of the insect-rearing supply chain or receive information about this technology. On the contrary, interest in innovative production and self-management of by-products were strongly related. Finally, funding opportunities could positively influence both the Italian and EU contexts, encouraging innovative practices among small and medium-sized enterprises. In contrast, barriers to implementing insect farming include misinformation, anticipated negative media impacts on branding, and resistance to changing by-product management practices. This pilot study serves as a foundational exploration, providing insights into the acceptability of insect farming among potential USPs and offers valuable insights for future studies, thereby shaping the discourse on the acceptability and integration of insect farming within the circular bioeconomy.