A mass-preserving interface-correction level set/ghost fluid method for modeling of three-dimensional boiling flows

We present an efficient method for the direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional (3D) boiling flows. The liquid-vapor interface dynamics is captured using an interface-correction level set method, modified to account for the interface heat and mass transfer due to phase change. State-of-the-art com- putational techniques, such as the fast pressure-correction and ghost-fluid methods, are implemented to accurately solve the coupled thermo-fluid problem involving large density contrasts and jump conditions. The solver is thoroughly validated against four benchmark cases with increasing complexity, which show better mass conservation properties than traditional level set methods, thus allowing for coarser grid resolutions and lower computational costs. We further demonstrate our method by simulating two real- istic 3D boiling flows in greater details. In the first case, a saturated film boiling of water vapor at near critical conditions over a horizontal hot flat plate is considered. The results are analyzed by comparing the transient evolution of the interface morphology, temperature distribution, space and time averaged Nusselt numbers obtained from numerical simulations with the semi-empirical correlation of Berenson and existing numerical literature. In the second case, we simulate the condensation and buoyancy-driven motion of a single spherical water vapor bubble at different subcooled liquid temperatures and satura- tion pressures. We find opposite trends of the condensation rate and the bubble rising velocity when the degree of subcooling is increased, and an increase of the condensation rate at lower saturation pressures, due to variation of the thermophysical properties.