Elucidating the Polymorphism of Xanthone: A Crystallization and Characterization Study

The aim of this work is to shed light on the polymorphism of xanthones, a class of oxygenated molecules well known for their bioactivity, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Understanding the polymorphism of xanthones can enable the design of novel solid products for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and agrochemical applications. Prior to this work, two entries accounting for different space groups were deposited for 9-xanthone in the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD): an orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) and a monoclinic P2(1) structure solved at room and low temperatures, respectively. However, the very high similarity between these two structures and the lack of clear differences in their physical properties (e.g., thermal behavior) suggested the possibility of the existence of only one crystal structure. In fact, the differences shown in the literature data might be related to the chosen operating parameters, as well as the instrumental resolution of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. In the work presented here, the ambiguity in the polymorphism of xanthone is investigated using thermal analysis, powder and synchrotron single-crystal XRD, and optical microscopy. Additionally, a workflow for the correct identification of twinned crystal structures, which can be applied to other polymorphic systems, is presented. Such workflow combines the collection of a large data set of high-resolution diffraction patterns using synchrotron radiation with the use of principal component analysis, a dimensionality reduction technique, for a quick and effective identification of phase transitions happening during the data collection. Crystallization experiments were designed to promote the formation of different crystal structures of xanthone that were recrystallized based on past literature and beyond.