Destructive effect of fluctuations on the performance of a Brownian gyrator

The Brownian gyrator (BG) is often called a minimal model of a nano-engine performing a rotational motion, judging solely upon the fact that in non-equilibrium conditions its torque, specific angular momentum have non-zero mean values. For a time-discretised (with time-step delta t) model we calculate here the previously unknown probability density functions (PDFs) of and . We show that for finite delta t, the PDF of has exponential tails and all moments are therefore well-defined. At the same time, this PDF appears to be effectively broad - the noise-to-signal ratio is generically bigger than unity meaning that is strongly not self-averaging. Concurrently, the PDF of exhibits heavy power-law tails and its mean is the only existing moment. The BG is therefore not an engine in the common sense: it does not exhibit regular rotations on each run and its fluctuations are not only a minor nuisance - on contrary, their effect is completely destructive for the performance. Our theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations and experimental data. We discuss some plausible improvements of the model which may result in a more systematic rotational motion.The Brownian gyrator is often called a minimal model of a nano-engine performing a rotational motion, because in non-equilibrium conditions its torque, specific angular momentum and specific angular velocity have non-zero mean values.