A low-cost automatic people-counting system at bus stops using Wi-Fi probe requests and deep learning

Counting people is an important part of people-centric applications, and the increase in the number of IoT devices has allowed the collection of huge amounts of data to facilitate people counting. The present study seeks to provide a novel, low-cost, automatic people-counting system for use at bus stops, featuring a sniffing device that can capture Wi-Fi probe requests, and overcoming the problem of Media Access Control (MAC) randomization us-ing deep learning. To make manual data collection considerably easier, a “People Counter” app was designed to collect ground truth data in order to train the model with higher accuracy. A user-friendly, operating system-independent dashboard was created to display the most relevant metrics. A two-step methodological approach was followed comprising device choice and data collection; data analysis and algorithm development. For the data analysis, three different approaches were tested, and among these a deep-learning approach using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) with Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) architecture produced the best re-sults. The optimal deep learning model predicted the number of people at the stop with a mean absolute error of around1.2 persons, which can be considered a good preliminary result considering that the experiment was done in a very complex open environment. People-counting systems at bus stops can sup-port better bus scheduling, improve the boarding and alighting time of pas-sengers, and aid the planning of integrated multi-modal transport system networks.