Evaluation of the environmental sustainability of SOFC-based cogeneration systems in commercial buildings

In order to achieve the European Union (EU)’s climate targets, efficient and sustainable solutions must be developed. In this context, the building sector has a key role to play in the transition to a decarbonized society. Cogeneration is considered an efficient solution that enables better use of fuel energy to supply buildings with heat and electricity. In particular, fuel cell-based cogeneration systems have shown promising performance, thus attracting considerable attention in recent years. The main goal of this study is to analyze the environmental impact of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cogeneration systems, focusing on commercial buildings. The analysis was performed in the framework of the H2020 Comsos project, whose aim is to investigate the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of SOFC-based systems in non-residential buildings. An MILP-based optimization framework was developed to address the optimal design and operation of energy systems with the inclusion of SOFC-based cogeneration solutions. Electrical and thermal efficiency curves, derived from real SOFC operation, were used to improve the accuracy of the SOFC performance simulation. A sensitivity analysis on the carbon intensity of electricity was carried out to explore the role of the SOFC technology under different levels of electrical grid decarbonization. It was found that natural gas-fed SOFC systems become environmentally advantageous (in terms of CO2 emissions) when the carbon intensity of electricity is higher than 300 gCO2/kWh.