A tyre-rim interaction digital twin for biaxial loading conditions

This paper proposes a digital twin of automotive steel wheel biaxial test bench for wheel dynamic behaviour and assessment condition purposes. The methodology allows to consider the imposed kinematics occurring in the experimental test bench after the calibration process called “Overturning Moment procedure” is applied, and to manage the pneumatic tyre-rim interactions using finite element method decoupled models of the tyre and the wheel. The proposed scheme depicts the main loading contributions and introduces linearisation to improve the computational efficiency. The standard requirements, the Original Equipment Manufacturer specifications, and the working principle of the test bench are discussed. Hence, a comprehensive view of the physical behaviour of the introduced hypotheses in the digital twin development is presented. The reliability of the approach is validated against an industrial case study with numerical-experimental comparisons of the optimal camber angle and stress analysis.