Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of the combined mechanism of circumferential expansion and folding on energy absorption parameters

In this research, in order to increase energy absorption of thin-walled tubes, a combined deformation mechanism is proposed which involves the simultaneous combination of circumferential expansion and folding. Such a combined mechanism was not concerned in the literature. The study is carried out both experimentally and numerically. A special device was designed and made to conduct experimental tests on tubes. The samples were made of aluminum, and quasi-static loading was applied at two different speeds of 10 and 200 mm/min. Energy absorption parameters including specific energy absorption (SEA), crushing mean force, initial peak force, the deformation mode and crush force efficiency (CFE) were studied. Experimental results showed that combined mechanism (without lubrication) could increase absorbed energy up to 123% compared to the folding mechanism. If the lubricant is used, the increase will be up to 97%. The combined deformation mechanism (without lubrication) increases absorbed energy up to 94% compared to the circumstantial expansion. This value will be 107% with lubrication. In addition, the initial peak force in the combined mechanism decreases between 8% and 36% relative to the folding mechanism. The circumstantial expansion in the proposed mechanism is complete and the expansion stroke length is 100%, while this stroke was less in the previous researches due to design restrictions. Numerical simulations were conducted using LS-Dyna software and there is good agreement between the numerical results and experimental data.