Time-resolved triggering and runout analysis of rainfall-induced shallow landslides

Rainfall-induced shallow landslides often turn into flows. These phenomena pose severe hazard to infrastructure and human lives on mountainous areas. Risk assessment, and the design of mitigation measures, can both be informed by back analysis of previous events. However, shallow instabilities are frequently spread over a large area, with the generated flows occurring in sequences, or surges. Conventionally, back-analysis exercises tackle the problem by simulating runout as a single event, with all surges happening simultaneously. This simplification has repercussions that have not been explored in the literature so far. Therefore, a novel time-resolving procedure is proposed in this paper, which can be applied to resolve instability sequences of arbitrary duration. The methodology discretizes the event, detecting instabilities at equally-spaced time intervals as a function of rainfall. Thanks to this, the post-failure behaviour of each surge can be tracked by a runout model, with a separate simulation performed every time a new instability is detected. The methodology is tested on two documented study cases. The results reveal that, under some conditions, the time-resolving procedure can lead to significantly different results in terms of runout path, flooded area, and flow heights. This has profound repercussions on how back-analysis is conventionally applied.