Piezo/sono-catalytic activity of ZnO micro/nanoparticles for ROS generation as function of ultrasound frequencies and dissolved gases

We report an accurate study on sonocatalytic properties of different ZnO micro and nanoparticles to enhance OH radical production activated by cavitation. In order to investigate some of the still unsolved aspects related to the piezocatalytic effect, the degradation of Methylene Blue and quantification of radicals production have been evaluated as function of different ultrasonic frequencies (20 kHz and 858 kHz) and dissolved gases (Ar, N2 and air). The results shown that at low frequency the catalytic effect of ZnO particles is well evident and influenced by particle dimension while at high frequency a reduction of the degradation efficiency have been observed using larger particles. An increase of radical production have been observed for all ZnO particles tested while the different saturating gases have poor influence. In both ultrasonic set-up the ZnO nanoparticles resulted the most efficient on MB degradation revealing that the enhanced radical production may arise more from bubbles collapse on particles surface than the discharge mechanism activate by mechanical stress on piezoelectric particles. An interpretation of these effects and a possible mechanism which rules the sonocatalytic activity of ZnO will be proposed and discussed.