Product-level circularity metrics based on the “Closing–Slowing Future–Past” quadrant model

Critical literature review coupled with conceptual analysis provides a holistic framework for measuring a product’s circularity performance based on its integrated contribution to the operationalization of various configurations of circular economy (CE) strategies. The following main results were obtained. First, we outline the "Сlosing–Slowing and Future–Past" ("CSFP") quadrant model ("CSFP" quadrant model) of CE-related product attributes and the circular product categories derived as findings of our previous study in the form of modifications to develop a product-level circularity metric. Second, we propose fifteen product circularity profiles with singular and configurative CE strategy-related contributions building on the "СSFP" model and circular product categories. Third, we quantify the 6Rs (reuse, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, repurposing, recycling) for the strategy-related contributions derived from the "CSFP" quadrant model to propose a product circularity data profile coupled with a metrical scale for measuring product circularity performance and visualizing quantified circular contributions. To trial, showcase and validate the relevance of the developed model and associated visualization tool, we conduct two case studies comparing the circularity performances of smartphones and packaging bags, respectively. Companies can use the proposed framework as a maturity scale to enhance the circularity performance of a product. This work contributes to a more accurate measurement of product circularity performance and a sharper understanding of its integrated contribution to circular strategies.