A Perturbation Scheme for Passivity Verification and Enforcement of Parameterized Macromodels

This paper presents an algorithm for checking and enforcing passivity of behavioral reduced-order macromodels of linear time-invariant systems, whose frequency-domain (scattering) responses depend on external parameters. Such models, which are typically extracted from sampled input–output responses obtained from numerical solution of first-principle physical models, usually expressed as partial differential equations, prove extremely useful in design flows since they allow optimization, what-if or sensitivity analyses, and design centering. Starting from an implicit parameterization of both poles and residues of the model, as resulting from well-known model identification schemes based on the generalized Sanathanan–Koerner iteration, we construct a parameter-dependent skew-Hamiltonian/Hamiltonian matrix pencil. The iterative extraction of purely imaginary eigenvalues of the pencil, combined with an adaptive sampling scheme in the parameter space, is able to identify all regions in the frequency-parameter plane where local passivity violations occur. Then, a singular value perturbation scheme is set up to iteratively correct the model coefficients, until all local passivity violations are eliminated. The final result is a corrected model, which is uniformly passive throughout the parameter range. Several numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.