Direction-dependent mechanical unfolding and green fluorescent protein as a force sensor

An Ising-like model of proteins is used to investigate the mechanical unfolding of the green fluorescent protein along different directions. When the protein is pulled from its ends, we recover the major and minor unfolding pathways observed in experiments. Upon varying the pulling direction, we find the correct order of magnitude and ranking of the unfolding forces. Exploiting the direction dependence of the unfolding force at equilibrium, we propose a force sensor whose luminescence depends on the applied force.