Oxidizer Control and Optimal Design of Hybrid Rockets for Small Satellites

The parameters that affect the design of a hybrid rocket for small satellites are highlighted, and the benefit of the oxidizer flow rate control is analyzed. A single-port circular-section polyethylene grain is considered; the oxidizer is 85% hydrogen peroxide. The engine design is optimized to search for the minimum engine mass when the initial satellite mass and the required velocity increment are assigned. First, the simplest blowdown feed system is considered. The analysis shows that the optimal design depends on a lower limit for the regression rate and sometimes on a further constraint, which is related to the occurrence of thermal choking. The initial values of the mixture ratio, the thrust level and the initial port area to the throat area ratio seem to be the most important parameters for an optimal design. As far as the oxidizer flow rate control is concerned, several control strategies, namely, constant mixture ratio, repressurization, constant combustion chamber pressure, and constant propellant tank pressure, are compared to the simplest blowdown system. The constant mixture ratio control is the worst case, as the mass and volume are similar to the blowdown case, while a large thrust variation occurs. Repressurization reduces the thrust variation. Constant pressure controls (both combustion chamber and tank pressures) guarantee a quasi-constant thrust and reduce engine dimensions, with a limited mass penalty.