Forms and functions: the effect of green space geometry on community well-being

In the era of climate change and urbanisation, the urban forest paradigm is central to understanding resilient and sustainable cities. The forms and functions of urban greenery have evolved, embracing more creative and inclusive solutions designed to benefit the community. Industrialisation marked the first transition, moving from formal, exclusive landscapes to accessible designs promoting hygiene and collective welfare. A second transformation occurred with the fourth revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the therapeutic value of green spaces for physical and mental well-being. Growing awareness of Ecosystem Services has placed green design strategies at the core of international policies. This study investigates how the geometry and spatial distribution of greenery influence well-being and sustainability, proposing a framework of resilience indicators. The methodology includes a historical review of green space forms, a classification of horizontal and vertical urban forests, an analysis of ecosystem services, and a survey of best practices. The resulting framework, supported by literature and case studies, guides design and assessment in the built environment. Greenery conveys values, while Drawing supports its representation. Integrating parametric data into GIS- and BIM-based models opens new perspectives for mapping, monitoring, and managing green infrastructure aligned with the Digital Twin vision.