Biodiversity and Landscape: Towards an Alliance in Italian Spatial Planning

Protecting biodiversity, as well as cultural and natural heritage, while enhancing the landscape, is a pressing priority in light of global environmental crises and land transformation. These challenges, driven by increased vulnerabilities and ecosystem fragmentation, require integrated solutions that connect conservation efforts with landscape policies. Therefore, a collaborative approach between spatial planning and conservation is crucial, especially when linking area-based values, such as Protected and Conserved Areas, with broader landscape strategies. In this perspective, spatial planning must evolve to prioritize the combined protection and enhancement of nature and culture, promoting sustainability and quality in transformative actions. Since 2003, nature conservation strategies have shifted to address broader landscape and territorial objectives. This evolution supports the active conservation of cultural heritage and identity, serving as a catalyst for economic development (as outlined in the European Landscape Convention). This paper explores an integrated approach that combines knowledge frameworks and regulatory mechanisms to protect and enhance natural, cultural, and landscape heritage. It draws on planning experiences from sensitive contexts such as protected areas, rivers, and rural environments, contributing to the goals of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and the advancement of Green Infrastructure. Additionally, the paper examines the practical implementation of ecological connectivity at multiple scales.