Just Green Transitions in the EU: Comparing the Cases of Italy, Sweden, Poland, and the Netherlands

This chapter examines the Just Transition frameworks of Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the Netherlands within the context of the European Green Deal. With the EU aiming for climate neutrality by 2050, the Just Green Transitions seek to ensure a balanced, socially equitable shift to sustainability, particularly in regions reliant on high-carbon industries. The comparative analysis presented in this chapter highlights how each country’s unique socioeconomic and environmental priorities shape its approach to the Just Green Transitions approach, underscoring the importance of flexibility and inclusivity. It shows how Italy and Poland prioritise economic resilience and workforce retraining in coal-dependent regions, while Sweden emphasises ecological connectivity and biodiversity. The Netherlands, focusing on regional flexibility and stakeholder engagement, supports industrial innovation through integrated funding and adaptable Territorial Just Transition Plans. The selected case studies offer insights into the EU’s collective path to a sustainable future, stressing the need for tailored solutions that address local challenges while achieving EU-wide climate goals.