Multilevel modeling of solid oxide electrolysis

This chapter discusses the methods of numerical modeling of solid oxide electrochemical cells operated in electrolysis mode. Techniques related to computer simulations of processes taking place in a high-temperature electrolyzer at the level of microstructure, cells, stack, and power systems with solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEs) are presented. A brief introduction to the key electrochemical and mass and energy transfer processes is followed by a discussion of numerical approaches, with particular focus on reduced order and lumped volume models. Numerical methodologies related to system-level studies, including both steady state (i.e., nominal and off-design) and dynamic operation, are presented for the purpose of characterizing the thermodynamic performances. This chapter presents recent advances in the numerical modeling of SOEs and provides a review of recent literature in the field.