Optimization of a Water Supply System

In the previous chapter, the methods available for assessing the productivity and efficiency of a well were illustrated. However, a water supply system extends beyond the aquifer-well system, and is composed also of water transmission, treatment, storage and distribution elements. In this chapter, methods for the estimation of head losses occurring from the pumping well along the pipe network that transfers water to the treatment plant, before distribution to consumers, are illustrated. Along this network, there are distributed head losses, in straight pipes, and local head losses, in valves, bends and outlets into reservoirs. Commonly used empirical equations for the calculation of these losses and a method for identifying the optimal operating pumping rate are provided, based on a comparison between pump-related and system head losses. Furthermore, other aspects that need to be kept in mind in the design and long term maintenance of a highly efficient water supply system are highlighted.