Toxicity assessment of laser-induced graphene by zebrafish during development

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a three-dimensional porous graphene-based material easily prepared by single or multiple laser direct writing on a polymeric or organic surface. It possesses impressive physical and chemical properties, including high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and good electrical conductivity. Here, we investigate the toxicological profile of LIG and its impact in zebrafish (Danio rerio) asin vivobiological models with high homology with humans. We evaluate the effect of LIG, administered in different concentrations to zebrafish embryos, on different biological parameters, including embryo viability and morphological changes. Our results show that LIG does not exhibit toxic effects and does not interfere with zebrafish development, even at high concentrations. Our findings provide direct evidence of the LIG biocompatibility and offer a promising avenue for its safe use in biological applications.