This dissertation aims to fill the knowledge gap about the property choices – during the Modern Age – of a great territorial mover, the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. The historiography about the events of this Order during the Middle Ages is considerable and very prominent historians have worked to reconstruct its features and administrative machinery from its dawning, from Jerusalem to Rhodes. On the contrary, the research of Knights’ history during the Modern Age is full of lacunae: partly because a lot of documents are lost before the Order arrival in Malta on 1530 and partly because finding the sources – lost in the State Archives of all Europe – is more difficult. In the past century, many in-depth studies – often accurate and non-systematic – have been made from different points of view: from hence the opportunity and the scientific interest for an organic project intended to reconstruct the origin, the development and transformation of the architectural and territorial goods of the Hospitallers during the Modern period, counting towards their enhancement. During this historical period almost each State has secular orders of knighthood or military-religious orders, but the ones who kept their own adherence to the original model have principally a medieval origin. Some of them survive up to the present day, renouncing the military aspect and finding new life in the charitable spirit: among them, the Order of Malta is one of the few, maybe the only one, that was been able to be completely reconverted. Compared to the other military-religious orders, the Order of Malta is characteristic of both the solid hierarchical administrative structure, all but intact during the centuries, and its property and territorial nature allowing to widen continuously its international rule, from Jerusalem to Rhodes and Malta, and the then known Europe. It is very important to understand the order administrative hierarchy to reconstruct the direct repercussions on the international goods through the system basically of recommendation, which consolidation is – from the Modern Age – an essential aspect for the Knights of Malta to get the economical resources needed to achieve the construction of the so-called “City of the Order”, Valletta, from 1565. The relations existing between the Grand Masters, the popes and the Italian princes to the end of Cinquecento find a direct confirmation in the architectural feature too: the epistolary correspondence between the Emperor Charles V and the military-religious order following the deed of donation of the Maltese Island in 1530, and the one between the Grand Master Jean de Valette and Cosimo I de’ Medici concur to the invention of a city mirroring, also from an architectural point of view, the Christian power in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Order of Malta was. At the end of Cinquecento the ideas about ideal cities topic proliferate: only think about Vitry-le François (1545), Carlentini and Palmanova (1593). The greatest military engineers of the period are called into the more important Italian and foreign States to achieve the ambitions of popes, dukes, princes and emperors, simplifying the style migration of the late Renaissance and Mannerism architectural language in all Europe. The journeys of these famous military engineers from a city to another involve a direct repercussion on the architectural language choices, both in the measure of a constant exchange with the local workers, and as it happens in Valletta, the capital of the order. Moreover, there is a symbiotic relationship between the engineers the order chose, bringing new urban architectural models, and the Maltese workers, grown up in their tradition, handing on the late Renaissance style also to the most minute settlements. By this dissertation we tried then to throw some daylight on the Order of Malta property in the Modern Age, a property still present today as monumentum: the research has showed how is necessary knowing to avoid effacing, sometimes unconsciously, the trace of an ancient presence, deeply connected to the local history, but referred to a wider European history. Having contributed to this integrated reading the co-preservation with the École Pratique des Hautes Études de la Sorbonne in Paris and the constant cooperation with the Board of preservation of Malta.

La presente tesi si prefigge di colmare una lacuna nella conoscenza sulle scelte patrimoniali, in età moderna, di un grande attore territoriale, il Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta. La storiografia sulle vicende di quest’Ordine in periodo medioevale è cospicua e storici di grande rilievo si sono adoperati nella ricostruzione delle sue caratteristiche e dei meccanismi amministrativi fin dai suoi albori, da Gerusalemme a Rodi. Lo studio della storia dei cavalieri in età moderna è, al contrario, lacunoso: in parte per il fatto che molti documenti sono andati perduti prima dell’arrivo dell’Ordine a Malta nel 1530 e in parte perché vi è più difficoltà nel reperimento delle fonti, andate disperse negli Archivi di Stato di tutta Europa. Nel secolo scorso su quest’ordine dalla preminente vocazione ospedaliera numerosi sono stati gli approfondimenti da differenti punti di vista, spesso puntuali e non sistematici: da qui l’opportunità e l’interesse scientifico per un progetto organico volto a ricostruire origine, sviluppo e trasformazione dei beni architettonici e territoriali degli ospedalieri durante la fase moderna, ai fini di una loro valorizzazione. In tale periodo storico quasi ogni Stato si è dotato di ordini laici cavallereschi o religioso-militari, ma quelli che hanno mantenuto una loro propria aderenza al modello originale sono in prevalenza di origine medievale. Alcuni di questi sono sopravvissuti sino ai giorni nostri, rinunciando all’aspetto militare e trovando nuova vita nello spirito caritatevole: tra questi, l’Ordine dei Cavalieri di Malta è uno dei pochi, se non quasi l’unico, che ha saputo completamente riconvertirsi. Rispetto agli altri ordini religioso-militari, l’Ordine di Malta si caratterizza sia per la sua solida struttura gerarchico-amministrativa, che rimane pressoché intatta nei secoli, sia per il suo carattere patrimoniale e territoriale, che gli consente di allargare continuamente il suo dominio a livello internazionale, da Gerusalemme a Rodi e a Malta, fino a tutta l’Europa allora conosciuta. Comprendere la gerarchia amministrativa dell’ordine è molto importante per ricostruire le ricadute dirette sui beni a livello territoriale attraverso il sistema essenzialmente commendatizio. Il consolidamento di quest’ultimo, a partire dall’età moderna, è un aspetto fondamentale per i Cavalieri di Malta al fine di ottenere le risorse economiche necessarie per portare a termine la costruzione della cosiddetta “città dell’Ordine”, La Valletta, a partire dal 1565. Le relazioni intercorse poi tra i Gran Maestri, i papi e i principi italiani e stranieri a fine Cinquecento trovano un riscontro diretto anche di carattere architettonico: gli scambi epistolari tra l’imperatore Carlo V e l’ordine religioso-militare a seguito della donazione di Malta nel 1530, e quello tra il Gran Maestro Jean de La Valette e Cosimo I de’ Medici concorrono all’ideazione di una città che rispecchi, anche da un punto di vista architettonico, la potenza cristiana nel Mediterraneo, quale era diventata allora quella in capo all’Ordine di Malta. A fine Cinquecento proliferano le idee sul tema delle città ideali: basti pensare a Vitry-le François (1545), Carlentini (1551) e Palmanova (1593). I più grandi ingegneri militari dell’epoca vengono chiamati nei maggiori Stati italiani e stranieri per realizzare le ambizioni di papi, duchi, principi e imperatori, facilitando la migrazione di stile del linguaggio architettonico del Rinascimento tardivo in tutta Europa. I viaggi di questi celebri ingegneri militari da una città all’altra comportano una diretta ricaduta sia sulle scelte linguistiche dell’architettura, sia nella misura di un costante scambio con le maestranze del luogo, così come accade nella capitale dell’ordine a La Valletta. Vi è, inoltre, un rapporto simbiotico tra gli ingegneri scelti dall'ordine, che portano nuovi modelli architettonico-urbanistici, e le maestranze maltesi, formate nella loro tradizione, che trasmettono lo stile del tardo Rinascimento anche agli insediamenti più minuti del luogo. Con questa tesi si è cercato, dunque, di fare luce sul patrimonio dell’Ordine di Malta in età moderna, un patrimonio ancora presente oggi come monumentum: lo studio ha mostrato quanto sia necessario conoscere per evitare di cancellare, a volte inconsapevolmente, la traccia di una presenza antica, profondamente legata alla storia locale, ma facente capo al contempo a una più ampia storia europea. Hanno contribuito a questa lettura integrata, a scala europea, la cotutela con l’École Pratique des Hautes Études della Sorbonne di Parigi e la collaborazione costante da parte degli enti di tutela di Malta.

Architettura e spazi di potere nell'Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme (1530-1798) - Architecture et espaces de pouvoir dans l'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jérusalem (1530-1798) / Burgassi, Valentina. - (2017 Nov 28).

Architettura e spazi di potere nell'Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme (1530-1798) - Architecture et espaces de pouvoir dans l'Ordre de Saint Jean de Jérusalem (1530-1798)

BURGASSI, VALENTINA
2017

Abstract

This dissertation aims to fill the knowledge gap about the property choices – during the Modern Age – of a great territorial mover, the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. The historiography about the events of this Order during the Middle Ages is considerable and very prominent historians have worked to reconstruct its features and administrative machinery from its dawning, from Jerusalem to Rhodes. On the contrary, the research of Knights’ history during the Modern Age is full of lacunae: partly because a lot of documents are lost before the Order arrival in Malta on 1530 and partly because finding the sources – lost in the State Archives of all Europe – is more difficult. In the past century, many in-depth studies – often accurate and non-systematic – have been made from different points of view: from hence the opportunity and the scientific interest for an organic project intended to reconstruct the origin, the development and transformation of the architectural and territorial goods of the Hospitallers during the Modern period, counting towards their enhancement. During this historical period almost each State has secular orders of knighthood or military-religious orders, but the ones who kept their own adherence to the original model have principally a medieval origin. Some of them survive up to the present day, renouncing the military aspect and finding new life in the charitable spirit: among them, the Order of Malta is one of the few, maybe the only one, that was been able to be completely reconverted. Compared to the other military-religious orders, the Order of Malta is characteristic of both the solid hierarchical administrative structure, all but intact during the centuries, and its property and territorial nature allowing to widen continuously its international rule, from Jerusalem to Rhodes and Malta, and the then known Europe. It is very important to understand the order administrative hierarchy to reconstruct the direct repercussions on the international goods through the system basically of recommendation, which consolidation is – from the Modern Age – an essential aspect for the Knights of Malta to get the economical resources needed to achieve the construction of the so-called “City of the Order”, Valletta, from 1565. The relations existing between the Grand Masters, the popes and the Italian princes to the end of Cinquecento find a direct confirmation in the architectural feature too: the epistolary correspondence between the Emperor Charles V and the military-religious order following the deed of donation of the Maltese Island in 1530, and the one between the Grand Master Jean de Valette and Cosimo I de’ Medici concur to the invention of a city mirroring, also from an architectural point of view, the Christian power in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Order of Malta was. At the end of Cinquecento the ideas about ideal cities topic proliferate: only think about Vitry-le François (1545), Carlentini and Palmanova (1593). The greatest military engineers of the period are called into the more important Italian and foreign States to achieve the ambitions of popes, dukes, princes and emperors, simplifying the style migration of the late Renaissance and Mannerism architectural language in all Europe. The journeys of these famous military engineers from a city to another involve a direct repercussion on the architectural language choices, both in the measure of a constant exchange with the local workers, and as it happens in Valletta, the capital of the order. Moreover, there is a symbiotic relationship between the engineers the order chose, bringing new urban architectural models, and the Maltese workers, grown up in their tradition, handing on the late Renaissance style also to the most minute settlements. By this dissertation we tried then to throw some daylight on the Order of Malta property in the Modern Age, a property still present today as monumentum: the research has showed how is necessary knowing to avoid effacing, sometimes unconsciously, the trace of an ancient presence, deeply connected to the local history, but referred to a wider European history. Having contributed to this integrated reading the co-preservation with the École Pratique des Hautes Études de la Sorbonne in Paris and the constant cooperation with the Board of preservation of Malta.
28-nov-2017
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2696505
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